3 Constitutional Diagram of Manganese Copper Alloys Taken From a Compilation by Hansen 8 Fig. As solid solution alloys, the 90-10 and 70-30 alloys cannot be age hardened. Basic modern brass is 67% copper and 33% zinc. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly. 13 Chrome L80, UNS S42000, is a quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steel used for corrosion resistance in sweet (CO 2) and mildly sour (H 2 S) environments up to 300°F. If there is a higher percentage of copper, there. Sipi Copper Alloys offers a one-stop-shopping for master alloys and pure metals needed in these applications, including the technical expertise to select the right additives to meet the customer’s precise objectives. They are easy to cast and have good strength and corrosion resistance. Copper is one of the most useful metals known to man. 35 likes. Properties: Copper has a melting point of 1083. 8) — and a. Beryllium Copper Master Alloy. Bell metal is a hard alloy used for making bells and related instruments, such as cymbals. Modulus Of Elasticity. Environmental Protection Agency as the first solid antimicrobial material. Number ranges available for positions 3, 4 and 5. Susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC. This is an alphabetical list of alloys grouped according to base metal. Master alloys are also referred to as grain refiners, modifiers or. Copper and its relevant species, such as oxides and many alloys, have been recognised as potential antibacterial surfaces. Lancaster, in Metallurgy of Welding (Sixth Edition), 1999 10. Copper and its alloys are relatively good conductors of electricity and heat. The as-cast structure of the low zinc brasses consists of alpha dendrites. Only a few metals have a success story similar to that of copper and its alloys. Consequently it is very easy to work out how much you will get for either of these units. Typical is a 74Cu-22Pb-4Sn composite. Copper-lead alloys containing about 30% lead are stronger but have less satisfactory surface properties and are usually used with a thin lead-tin overlay. Bronze - Alloyed with Tin. There are approximately four dozen different wrought alloys that contain a minimum copper content of 99. 025 mm/y) or less, and for the copper-nickel alloys on the order of 0. The test materials (Table 1) included copper alloy mesh stock formed from a 65% copper - 35% zinc alloy (“CAM”), 97% bronze - 3% silicon welded wire mesh (“Bronze”), a stock sheet of 90% copper - 10% nickel (“Sheet”), an expanded mesh (“Mesh”) that was made from the same production run as the 90:10 Cu:Ni sheet, and conventional. 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of solid copper alloy surfaces against. 40The mechanical properties of copper-nickel alloys show a combination of good tensile strength and excellent ductility when annealed. Their composition design, preparation, and processing directly affect the final performance. 3. More than 2,800 artifacts have been recovered from the site, including a ship's bell with a date of 1498, an important copper-alloy disc marked with the royal coat of arms of Portugal and the "esfera armilar"(armillary sphere) - a personal emblem of King Manuel I, and an extremely rare silver coin known as the "INDIO", first minted in 1499 by. 5 mm x 20 mm x 20 mm were. If the copper-lead alloys do not have sufficient load-carrying capacity, the lead content is reduced, and tin is added to improve the strength. This chapter provides an overview of copper and copper–nickel alloys. All copper beryllium alloys are readily machinable using conventional processes and the guidelines provided in this brochure. , 2. Oxx. For this reason, there are considerably fewer variations in cold-rolled tempers than in annealed tempers. Small amounts of alloying elements are often added to metals to improve certain characteristics of the metal. The basic properties of copper alloys are largely influenced by the properties of copper itself. The EPA studies show that on copper alloy surfaces, greater than 99. corrosion inhibitor for copper alloys 2 parent lacquer which was developed as a result of research sponsored by the International Copper Research Association. Copper Alloys. Thomas,2 and J. This is reflected in 2024 aluminum’s chemical breakdown, which is nominally 4. Alloys can also form if the alloying. If these pits are not addressed quickly, they can cause further damage by. Tough Copper Alloys INC. ;. 5% Mg, and 0. 1. A typical example is 60-40 yellow brass, designated as C85500. The temper will determine just how malleable the copper sheet will be. 5 gives temperature changes concerning this copper alloy for cylindrical contact for one indentation test. 0. , 9 Paxton Court, RedwoodPark, South Australia, 5097 Telephone: +61 (0) 437 707 043. 100 90The mechanical properties of copper-nickel alloys show a combination of good tensile strength and excellent ductility when annealed. 6-2% Be. 6% Mn. 5% zinc, [email protected] nickel alloys, also known as CuNi or cupronickel alloys, are a group of alloys consisting primarily of copper and nickel, with small amounts of other elements added to enhance such properties as: strength, corrosion resistance, hardenability, weldability, and castability. Dental amalgam is made by mixing approximately equal parts (by weight) of a powdered metal alloy with liquid mercury. Brass and bronze, two commonly used alloys, are created when copper is combined with other metals. Beryllium copper (2 percent Be) is an unusual copper alloy in that it can be hardened by heat treatment. g. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity as a building material. Copper is one of the few metals that finds most widespread use in the pure form, rather than as an alloy. 3% cobalt. Copper alloys and copper matrix composites have been attracting a lot of attention lately. Electronic products Copper’s supreme electrical conductivity properties and abundance as a raw material make it the most efficient and cost-effective metal for electronic products. Form. Copper alloys are generally very malleable, with most being able to be rolled or. Brass - Alloyed with Zinc. coli O157 at both temperatures, and the lowest copper content to eliminate E. Figure 2. Tensile Strength. The letter C must always be placed. The mentioned alloys show a Cu content of above 96% for wrought alloys and 94% for cast alloys. Higher tensile strength and hardness can only be obtained when the alloys are cold worked. S. Kushal Copper Corporation. , non-oxidizing atmosphere. Copper alloy refers to a group of materials that are formed by combining copper with one or more other elements, such as zinc, tin, nickel, aluminum, or silicon. The higher the lead content of the alloy the more lead globules present in the structure. 5% zinc and 2. 1 INCH COPPER HALF BALLS - HEMISPHERE-110 ALLOY (25 PACK) $34. As shown in Table 1, a variety of structural materials, including austenitic stainless steels, pipeline steels, iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys Cr–Mo steels, aluminium alloys and copper alloys, have been considered as key technologies for the facilities of hydrogen energy facilities. Copper alloys vary widely in their resistance to velocity, with C95500 being the most resistant of the cast alloys, C72200 the most resistant. 02 Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys Available: September, 2014SnAgCu alloy with 3% silver and 0. By contrast, the recycling of aluminum requires only 2. C22000), copper-zinc alloy that is red brass (Copper Alloy UNS No. CDA's website is an excellent resource for information about copper, copper alloys, and their many uses and benefits. Even though many studies have proved that copper and its alloys exhibit antiviral properties, this research arena requires further research attention. Select the alloy (s) and one or more properties you would like to see displayed. The stock materials used were the following metals: copper, zinc, tin, technically pure lead and preliminary alloys. 300 °C. It is used in applications such as resistance welding electrodes, seam welding wheels, switch gears, cable. Satin and Mirror Finishes. The ultimate tensile strength can exceed 200 ksi, while the hardness approaches Rockwell C45. More than 400 varieties of copper alloys are available. The data compilation is based on articles published since 1993 and consists of about 1830 records. C93200 Bearing Bronze / High Leaded Tin Bronze has excellent machining properties, good hardness, strength and wear resistance with excellent anti-friction qualities. Source: CDA, Copper Tube Handbook. Whereas 90-10 Cu-Ni tubing can have a proof. Long-term steady-state corrosion rates for most copper alloys in seawater range between 0. Estabelece os requisitos para valvulas de esfera com extremidades roscadas, flangeadas ou soldadas para uso geral em instalaoes industriais,prediais ou domiciliares de gua, leos, gases derivados de petrleo e outros. BERYLLIUM COPPER ALLOYS ( Alloy 174 ) C17410-Alloy 174 is a mill hardened alloy. Copper Alloys Search - Basic. 3 DS Copper Alloys 670 4. S. Aesthetics crucial factor in development of earliest copper alloys. Copper beryllium alloys are used for their high strength and good electrical and thermal conductivities. Copper-nickel alloy C70600, which is an alloy of 90% copper and 10% nickel, is inherently resistant to road salt corrosion, increasing its use as a brake tube: (1) Evolution of life expected from automobiles. J. Copper and its alloys represent 6 - 9% by weight (or approximately 50 - 55 lb, 23-25 kg) of the content of a typical automobile. Laboratory testing shows that, when cleaned regularly, EPA-registered antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces kill greater than 99. Powder Type. The metal-specific migration rates from polished alloy surfaces are higher in gastric (pH 1. 1: Copper-Base Alloy - C27000 (Yellow brass) 11. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of electricity and heat. 8: Copper-Base Alloy - C22000 (Commercial bronze, 90%) 10. Chinese silver (zinc): Chinese silver is an alloy used in jewelry. The microstructure of the single phase brass alloys, with up to 32% zinc, consists of a solid solution of zinc and alpha copper. ) OF copper is produced by casting electrolytically refined copper in a controlled, i. This is particularly true for copper alloys, because of their desirable combination of conductivity, strength, and formability. Deep drawing. Silver Plating of C182 (Chromium) Copper Chromium copper is alloyed with a small percentage of chromium (~ 0. 05 mpy (0. Belmont Product Code. 21. Fig. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. It is obvious that the conductivity of these alloys is a function of the amount of zinc they contain. The single phase alloys have excellent ductility, and are often used in the cold worked condition for better strength. Low-rate. e. 77, No. (CDA) is the market development, engineering and information services arm of the copper industry, chartered to enhance and expand markets for copper and its alloys in North America. Fig. The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass. 1 12. Electrolysis. The age-hardening behavior is based on the fact that the solubility of Cd, Be, and Cr in Cu decreases with decreasing temperature. Copper alloys become stronger and more ductile as temperature goes down. This article presents a collection of data on approximately 150 copper-based alloys. Permanent mold and pressure die castings of plumbing components are also commonly made of the leaded yellow brass alloy C85800, which contains nominally 1. 5wt% has been used in A356 aluminum alloy and cast atOne of the major issues with dental implants is failure due to bacterial infection, and additions of copper are known to improve the antimicrobial properties of Ti alloys. 5% copper. 22mm – 3″ square. BBB Start with Trust ®. 1. Heating elements such as in. Brass is an alloy made primarily of copper and zinc. We adopted the design strategy of “data collection → alloy factor screening → machine learning modeling → alloy design and property optimization” to rationally and efficiently design the composition of precipitation strengthened copper alloys, as shown in Fig. The uses of copper alloy with silver added will depend on the amount of each alloy that is added during the melt. Copper Alloys Brass is a copper alloy made by adding zinc to copper, whose properties depends on the content of zinc. 2-2. Brasses are copper-based alloys that contain zinc as the principal alloying element. 5% Mg; and the Hyduminiums, which usually have lower copper contents and in which iron replaces 30me of the nickel. g. The ores must be processed to extract the metals of interest from the waste rock. 110, 101, and 145 alloy grade copper types are provided. The long-term, steady-state corrosion rate for copper and copper alloys, except for Muntz metal, is on the order of 1 mpy (0. 4989. For the as-fabricated C-18150 AM parts, horizontal and angled. Citation 2014). 02mm/yr decreasing with time as the protective surface films mature . Because of the properties it confers on other metals (i. Size Range. , GRCop-84, which contains 8 at. Serves as a master alloy to add chrome to various copper alloys. It can be coupled to tin and aluminum bronze. 9% of the following bacteria within 2 hours of. As copper has a high solubility for zinc, the alloys are very homogenous. At 22 °C only the highest copper alloy (95 wt. In variety of uses, the alloys of copper surpass all other nonferrous alloys and comprise mixtures of copper with zinc, tin, nickel, aluminum, lead, manganese, and other. Columbia Metals stocks copper nickel alloys – generally known as cupronickels – and high copper alloys, which are those that usually contain more than 95% copper with only a small addition of elements such as nickel, silicon. (A) Diagram of all samples at group level, (B) diagram of all samples at sample level, (C) diagram of aluminum alloys, (D) diagram of copper alloys (TA2, ZAL, Al5A06, Al1060, T2, B10, and B30 represented the biofilms collected from the. Some alloys are listed under more than one element, since the composition of the alloy may vary such that one element is present in a higher concentration than the others. Number range allocated to materials preferred by CEN. The common cold-rolled temper names and designations are: Annealed. Nielsen, Jr. Your guide to trusted BBB Ratings, customer reviews and BBB Accredited businesses. Additional information is available upon request. Pure copper has good electrical and thermal conductivity. The two most common copper alloys are brass (alloyed with zinc) and bronze (alloyed with tin). Note that the temperature (noted ∆T) is the difference between the ambient laboratory air temperature (equal to 22°C) and theCopper Alloys Search - Basic. Intended primarily for use on outdoor architectural metal work, it preserves the natural colors of copper and its alloys for long periods (1. High purity copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Bell metal is a hard alloy used for making bells and related instruments, such as cymbals. Copper was the first metal to be worked by man, along with gold and meteoritic iron. 5 M, and 1 M NaCl solutions were conducted. 05 mpy (0. 9 Mil 1997 10-49. Li,1 B. Columbia Metals stocks copper nickel alloys – generally known as cupronickels – and high copper alloys, which are those that usually contain more than 95% copper with only a small addition of elements such as nickel, silicon. 4% manganeseWith the aim of obtaining copper alloys with favorable mechanical properties (high strength and high ductility) for various engineering applications, the microstructural characteristics of two conventional copper alloys — an aluminum bronze (AlBC; Cu–Al 9. % Cu) completely annihilated E. 5. How structure and properties of cast copper alloys depend on consumption and comparative data on applications and relative costs of 13 standard bearing alloys. Forms: 2-20 Ingot. Base metals are more common and more readily extracted than precious metals, which include gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. Production and forming methods may affect alloy selection. * = alloys registered with U. B 846 Terminology for Copper and Copper Alloys2 3. face-centered cubic (fcc) Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. If more complicated bends are required or lightly hammering or shaping will be performed, H00-H01 (1/8-1/4 hard) will be the best option. 3. Fig. Metal ores are generally oxides, sulfides, silicates (Table 12. The corrosion process typically involves the formation of copper oxide or copper sulfate. By William D. GRCop powder metal was developed by. Casting copper alloys have been used as a substitute for lead in the deposition of graphite. Copper itself is essential for the full wiring harness, alternator and starter motor windings and other motors and actuators. From: Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001. 20. API 572 section 8. e. 2 INCH COPPER HALF BALLS - HEMISPHERE- 110 ALLOY (25 PACK). In the designation system, numbers from C10000 through C79999 denote wrought alloys. This is a list of copper alloys or alloys in which copper is usually the base metal. copper. Roll forming. bronzes, nickel bronze, ma nganese bronze alloys, chromium copper, and copper. The mechanical processes performed on copper alloys, either as initial finishes for later patination or as final finishes, involve similar techniques to those used on stainless steel and aluminum. Corrosion resistance of copper-nickel alloys Attachment by marine organisms Literature on copper-nickel alloys Architecture, building and construction Stainless steel reinforcement: the role of nickel Stainless steel in structural applications: the role of nickel. Pure Cu is well known to have excellent electrical conductivity but rather low strength. In addition, Fig. The most popular form of pure copper is the standard electrical wire grade of copper (C11000) contains 99. Brasses are copper zinc alloys containing up to about 45% zinc, with possibly small additions of lead for machinability, and tin for strength. C10100 and C10200. Copper alloys are made of a copper matrix and a combination of single alloying elements in n-ary forms. From metal sheets, tapes or flat bars of copper and copper alloys, samples with dimensions of 0. While NASA pioneered the usage of copper alloys in the 1970s on the Space Shuttle Main Engine, that use was at first limited to forged components. From 1982 through today, pennies are 97. Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper) Duralumin (copper, aluminum) Magnalium (aluminum, 5% magnesium) Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum) Nambe (aluminum plus seven other unspecified metals) Silumin (aluminum, silicon) Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper) Aluminum forms other complex alloys with magnesium, manganese, and platinum. Wire drawing. 13mm – 70mm A/F. 1 12. , Ni–Cr) on steel and zinc-based castings. Covers production, consolidation, strengthening, copper in iron and steel P/M parts, and non-structural applications. Hydrometallurgy. It offers high conductivity, good ductivity and strength. Nickel Silvers. The effect of aging processes on the tensile properties of C-18150 copper alloy samples, made by laser powder-bed-fusion additive manufacturing (AM) process with three different fabrication orientations (horizontal, angled, and vertical to the build direction), are investigated. Select the alloy (s) and one or more properties you would like to see displayed. Fig. Also, please take a look at the list of 19 copper alloy manufacturers and their company rankings. While this variation is quite a lot less than that for strength and conductivity, it should not be ignored. ] A list of components that may be fabricated out of Antimicrobial Copper Alloys - Group I is specified below. 1 12. Copper Beryllium - Alloyed with Beryllium. 03. NARloy-Z (Cu-3 wt. The color of copper alloy powders is a soft pink, with finished AM parts displaying that classic, copper-color glow. Laboratory testing shows that, when cleaned regularly, EPA-registered antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces kill greater than 99. Figure 3. The C19210 (F) alloy presents a low resistance in comparison with the other copper alloys used. Leaded Coppers. Differences Between Alloy and Copper. The two primary copper alloys are brass and bronze. Updated on January 30, 2020. Belmont Product Code. 2010 a 18. Copper is a ductile and malleable reddish-gold metal with the capacity to conduct heat and electricity. In contrast to the red brasses, which are. Pure copper is purple-red, also known as red copper. Commonly used as downhole tubular components, packers, and other subsurface equipment, it is included in API 5CT as Group 2, Grade L80, Type 13Cr. Updated on August 21, 2020. 8 wt% Cr–0. EPA as antimicrobial. com. It has 38% copper, 17. Alloy 25 is a versatile material that combines high strength with electrical and thermal conductivity considerably greater than other copper alloys. Aluminum bronze alloys typically contain 9-12% aluminum and up to 6% iron and nickel. 00. Cu-based alloys constitute mostly substitutional solid solutions. copper-alloys including GRCop-84, GRCop-42, C-18150, and C-18200 under NASA, industry, and combined funding1. , N. They are available in the form of bar, rod and plate. Malleability and Ductility – copper is easy to work with, mainly when it comes to fabricating and joining. It is also the oldest metal known to man and was first discovered and used about 10,000 years ago. We offer this material in Ingot, shot, and cut pieces. 20. This high-strength, exceptionally corrosion-resistant. Example Alloys . Copper alloy surfaces have intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms. 3% and 96%. Arc Welding. Korea ASEM Corporation Ltd, 109 Jeda-dong, 26-8, 1 Gil, Seungsam, Gyeong-ju Korea Telephone: +82 010 3650 2744. Copper zinc alloys are single phase up to about 37% zinc in the wrought condition. See moreWorking and finishing techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so adaptable that they can be used. Wrought Copper Alloy Families § C100xx-C150xx Commercially Pure Cu § C151xx-C199xx Age Hardenable Cu (w/ Cd, Be, Cr, Fe) § C2xxxx Cu-Zn alloys – Brasses § C3xxxx Cu. 3 Creep 674 4. 300 mm in length. The high mechanical strength is achieved by precipitation hardening or age hardening. A series of copper alloys, such as Cu–Ni–Sn, Cu–Cr–Ag, and Cu–Ni–Al alloys [3,4,5], have been developed to meet the growing requirements. The largest group comprises of binary tin-bronze alloys due to the fact that they were highly associated with Cu and Sn. Nickel-chromium alloys, containing 40 to 70 percent nickel, are used in corrosive. 1069 Stinson Drive Reading, PA 19605. From the early days, copper had a decisive influence on the evolution of mankind and it has been the material of choice promoting the key growth industries of each era. Laboratory testing shows that, when cleaned regularly, EPA-registered antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces kill greater than 99. This specification establishes the requirements for sheets and strips of various thicknesses produced from copper (Copper UNS No. S. Copper alloys are used for conductive spring clips, terminals and connectors. Simply put, cast brass has too large of a grain structure and lacks. Anti-Bacterial – copper compounds have been used as bacteriostatic agents and fungicides, as well as wood preservatives. Nickel alloys, on the other hand, are formed by combining nickel with other metals like aluminum, titanium, iron, copper, and chromium through a simple heat treatment process. From metal sheets, tapes or flat bars of copper and copper alloys, samples with dimensions of 0. Brush Alloy 25 is the most commonly specified beryllium copper and is available in the wrought forms listed on page 5. Pitting - Pits are discrete sites of corrosion at areas where the protective surface film is damaged or breaks down. The wide variety of textures and colors available with copper alloys provide architects with an almost limitless palette of visual effects. 9 percent copper, and is available in six tempers designated by ASTM B370 as: 060 (soft), H00 (cold rolled), H01 (cold rolled, high yield), H02 (half hard), H03 (three quarter hard), and H04 (hard). Joining. Copper and its alloys represent 6 - 9% by weight (or approximately 50 - 55 lb, 23-25 kg) of the content of a typical automobile. Pockets of air make it lighter in weight than rubber; good for packing, insulating, and sealing. 5% copper (SAC305) was initially endorsed for use in SMT assembly, along with a number of other SAC alloys. The graphite particle–matrix interface did not show any enhanced susceptibility to corrosion. There are times when iron will be added into copper alloys to provide positive. C1000), copper-iron alloy (Copper Alloy UNS No. Production and forming methods may affect alloy selection. (2) Global service experience data on brake. Four processes to consider when joining. g. PerforMet alloy is a nickel-silicide-strength - ened bronze that withstands high pressures and temperatures. Final letter, designating material group. Also, in the. The best known traditional types are bronze , where tin is a significant addition, and brass , using zinc instead. The conductivity of copper alloy strip metals is measured relative to a standard bar of "pure" copper that was long ago assigned a value of 100. Copper alloy strip used for connector components is often supplied with a tin coating. Alloys can also form if the alloying. C100 – series with Copper contains. The other key properties exhibited by Copper and its alloys include: ~ Retention of mechanical and electrical properties at cryogenic temperatures. Copper and copper alloys are applied for a variety of purposes: as decorative finishes, to aid in electrical conduction, as a protective layer against fretting. Overview. Antimicrobial. On the basis of the characteristics of HE, HE. Brazing is suitable for small parts and when high joint strength is. As oxygen molecules react with the metal, they form oxides that cause pits on the surface of the metal. These are the beryllium coppers, silicon bronzes, silicon brass, and copper-nickel alloys. The main difference between alloy vs. F. 5–9% Sn and 0. 3kg of gold. UNS C18150 chromium copper alloys have high strength and wear resistance at elevated temperatures. Copper zinc alloys are single phase up to about 37% zinc in the wrought condition. 3: Copper-Base Alloy - C28000 (Muntz. These alloys are available as ingot, strip, bar, tube and wire in various tempers. Solid State Reduction. Bronze. Copper itself is essential for the full wiring harness, alternator and starter motor windings and other motors and actuators. In most of the alloys in this group aluminum is the primary constituent and in the cast alloys. 08 in (2 mm) thick were applied. 001 mm/y), within those velocities that each alloy can tolerate without damage to the protective corrosion product film. The alloy is not subject to dezincification and has reasonable. Introduction. The alloy elements are added to copper with the purpose to improve its resistance, ductility and thermal stability, without causing considerable damages on its form, electric and thermal conductivity and resistance to the corrosion, typical characteristic aspects of pure copper. In the wrought structures, the lead is present as discrete particles between the alpha copper grains. It is used for plumbing fixtures, musical. B425-19 Standard Specification for Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Molybdenum-Copper Alloys. ; High Strength Copper Nickel – Optimisation of Mechanical Strength and Marine Corrosion Resistance for Use in Naval Architecture and. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. It is used for plumbing fixtures, musical instruments, and decorative items. An aluminium alloy (or aluminum alloy; see spelling differences) is an alloy in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The oral bioaccessibility of copper alloys and pure metals was assessed using in vitro methods with synthetic saliva and gastric fluid. Embrittlement is an important theme of API 571/572 and. Some of the better known copper nickel alloys include: Copper with 10% nickel; Copper with 30% nickel; Copper with 25% nickel with 0. . Annealing of alpha-bronzes is carried out in the temperature range of 550–870 °C. 676 products.